Which component can provide starting torque in a single-phase induction motor?

In a single-phase induction motor, the starting torque can be effectively generated by using a shaded pole winding. This type of winding is designed with a portion of each pole being “shaded” by a metal band, which creates a phase shift in the magnetic field. This phase shift results in a rotating magnetic field that allows the motor to start smoothly and develop sufficient starting torque.

When power is applied to the motor, the current flows through the main winding and the shaded portion of the winding, creating a leading magnetic field in the shaded part. The interaction between the two components of the magnetic field generates a torque that initiates the rotation of the motor's rotor.

Other options do not provide an effective means of starting torque in a single-phase induction motor. While a capacitor in series with the main winding can enhance the motor's performance by improving the phase angle between the windings, it is typically used in capacitor-start or capacitor-run motors rather than solely providing starting torque in a shaded pole motor. A single winding alone does not provide sufficient torque to start the motor since there is no phase difference. Direct shorting of the windings would generally be a fault condition that could lead to a lack of torque or even damage the motor.